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Gerard (archbishop of York)

Gerard (archbishop of York).
Gerard (died 1108) was Archbishop of York between 1100 and 1108 and Lord Chancellor of England from 1085 until 1092. A Norman, he was a member of the cathedral clergy at Rouen before becoming a royal clerk under King William I of England, who appointed him Lord Chancellor. He continued in that office under King William II Rufus, who rewarded him with the Bishopric of Hereford in 1096. Soon after Henry I's coronation, Gerard was appointed to the recently vacant see of York, and became embroiled in the dispute between York and the see of Canterbury concerning which archbishopric had primacy over England. He secured papal recognition of York's jurisdiction over the church in Scotland but was forced to accept Canterbury's authority over York. He also worked on reconciling the Investiture Controversy between the king and the papacy over the right to appoint bishops until the controversy's resolution in 1107. Because of rumours, as a student of astrology, that he was a magician and a sorcerer, and also because of his unpopular attempts to reform his clergy, he was denied a burial inside York Minster but his remains were later moved into the cathedral.

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South Pacific (musical)

South Pacific (musical).
South Pacific is a musical composed by Richard Rodgers, with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and book by Hammerstein and Joshua Logan. The work was an immediate hit on Broadway in 1949, running for 1,925 performances and winning the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The plot is based on several stories in James A. Michener's Pulitzer Prize–winning 1947 book Tales of the South Pacific. Rodgers and Hammerstein believed that the musical could be successful and send a strong progressive message on racism. They wrote several of the songs with the particular talents of their stars, Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin, in mind. Most of its songs became popular, including "Some Enchanted Evening" and "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair" (performance pictured). The original Broadway production won ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical; its original cast album was the bestselling record of the 1940s. The show has enjoyed many successful revivals and tours, spawning a 1958 film and later television adaptations.

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Operation Retribution (1941)

Operation Retribution (1941).
Operation Retribution was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact. The bombing occurred in the first days of the invasion of Yugoslavia by German-led Axis forces during World War II. The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force had only 77 modern fighter aircraft available to defend Belgrade against the hundreds of German fighters and bombers that struck in the first wave early on 6 April. Three days prior, Major Vladimir Kren had defected to the Germans, elucidating the air force's codes and disclosing the locations of military assets. Three more waves of bombers attacked Belgrade on 6 April, and more attacks followed in subsequent days. The attacks resulted in the paralysis of Yugoslav civilian and military command and control, the widespread destruction of Belgrade's infrastructure, and many civilian casualties.